- Youth International Party (Yippies), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) - these new groups challenge the organizations like the NAACP, National Urban League and Congress of Racial Equality.
- Historical Precedent for rejection of previous protest ideals (like integration and nonviolence) as the protest continues (489)
- August 28th, 1963 - "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. - short lived since weeks later racists bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham (490)
- Repeated acts against civil rights workers non-violent protests (489-490)
- Malcom X refers the march as a farce; Garvey, Du Bois, Powell, Malcom X and Cleaver, emplyed the movement for violent protests
- Growing anger within the black communities
- Early 1966, CORE and SNCC caused more separation within the movement when they advocated for self defense
Rhetorical Context:
- Carmichael delivered speeches to both predominantly white and predominantly black audiences (different speeches attuned for different audiences) (489)
- Carmichael was a master of adapting language and materials to each audience (493).
- Carmichael identified with the youthfulness of both audiences; he threw no rhetorical punches toward the group (493).
- "Black Power" was changing the movement to become more effective and acceptable to the new generation of protestors (489).
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