Definition: Rhetoric that assumes symbolic sameness and puts everyone or everything in the same symbolic category, which can lead to equal rights or equal consideration of issues; rhetoric that generalizes an issue/topic and makes it more relatable to a larger audience.
Example: A speech regarding LGBT rights that uses phrases that say all people deserve to be loved and all humans should have the same basic rights and be able to choose who they want to love. This is universalizing because every person wants autonomy over their own life, especially their love life, and we should extend this same courtesy to others, even if they are different from us.
From the text: Schwarze describes how universalizing rhetoric employs "discourses that homogenize...the interests of a population" (248). This type of rhetoric, which he contrasts with melodramatic rhetoric, can cause "allegiances and shared substance that might... lead audiences to accept a certain set of social and political arrangements" (248).
Schwarze, Steven. "Environmental Melodrama." Quarterly Journal of Speech 92.3 (2006): 239-61. Web.
Showing posts with label Key Terms. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Key Terms. Show all posts
Thursday, December 1, 2016
Saturday, October 29, 2016
Violence
Violence
Definition:
- the use of physical force to harm someone, to damage property, etc.
- great destructive force or energy
Example:
One example from the DeLuca and Peeples reading is the violence that took place in the "Battle for Seattle". It included symbolic violence (violence against property like the breaking of building's glass windows), and actual violence, like the police brutality that took place during the protests.
Passages:
Both establishment voices and nonviolent
activists denounced the violence,
especially the symbolic violence
of the anarchists. (By symbolic violence,
we mean acts directed toward
property, not people, and designed to
attract media attention.) (138)
The opening images were clearly ones of violence and conflict: protesters smashing a Starbucks; police in sci-fi riot gear shooting tear gas canisters and concussion grenades; police roughing up protesters.(139)
Monday, October 17, 2016
Extra credit key terms
This post contains additional terms for which we might want key terms entries. I'm offering the chance to do a key term post for each as extra credit (basically, doing a post will wipe out having missed one of the other in-class activities that was graded pass/fail).
For each author, you may do one extra credit post. To claim a term, add a comment below saying "[your name] claims [term]." Once you've claimed a term, you have one week to make the post; if you don't make a post within a week, someone else can claim it.
The last day to do these posts is November 30 (but sooner is obviously better).
Leftovers
Propaganda (Griffin)
Movement rhetorical background (Griffin)
Signal response (Haiman)
Participatory Democracy (D&P)
hypermediacy (D&P)
Image Event (D&P)
Violence (D&P)
Collective Actor (Melucci)
Schwarze
Melodrama
Polarizing
Rhetorical obstacle
trajectory of political action
moralizing/remoralize
monopathy
privatizing rhetoric
universalizing rhetoric
rhetorical intervention
framing/frames
Kairos (also in the student guide excerpt from first week of class)
Milan
Media logic
Micromobilization
Cloud protesting
Datafication
Sociotechnical
Soft leader
Dictatorship of action
For each author, you may do one extra credit post. To claim a term, add a comment below saying "[your name] claims [term]." Once you've claimed a term, you have one week to make the post; if you don't make a post within a week, someone else can claim it.
The last day to do these posts is November 30 (but sooner is obviously better).
Leftovers
Propaganda (Griffin)
Movement rhetorical background (Griffin)
Signal response (Haiman)
Participatory Democracy (D&P)
hypermediacy (D&P)
Image Event (D&P)
Violence (D&P)
Collective Actor (Melucci)
Schwarze
Melodrama
Polarizing
Rhetorical obstacle
trajectory of political action
moralizing/remoralize
monopathy
privatizing rhetoric
universalizing rhetoric
rhetorical intervention
framing/frames
Kairos (also in the student guide excerpt from first week of class)
Milan
Media logic
Micromobilization
Cloud protesting
Datafication
Sociotechnical
Soft leader
Dictatorship of action
Symbolic Realignment
Definition:
Symbolic realignment is when a movement fundamentally shifts its key vocabulary, symbols or images, so as to clearly emulate the movement's changes in goals and ideals.
Example:
One example is the creation of the acronym "LGBT", which signified the emergence of a real coalition between lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people rather than a collection of individual movements.
Passages:
From the Stewart reading:
"Carmichael created a symbolic realignment within the movement by replacing words such as Negro, Negro people, ghetto, segregation and integration with black, black masses, colony, colonialism and liberation that altered how audiences saw the ghettoes of large American cities and American institutions and linked the civil rights movement with the African movements for independence from colonial powers." (page 496)
"Carmichael understood the importance and power of words, that whoever controls language controls the world." (page 496)
Symbolic realignment is when a movement fundamentally shifts its key vocabulary, symbols or images, so as to clearly emulate the movement's changes in goals and ideals.
Example:
One example is the creation of the acronym "LGBT", which signified the emergence of a real coalition between lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people rather than a collection of individual movements.
Passages:
From the Stewart reading:
"Carmichael created a symbolic realignment within the movement by replacing words such as Negro, Negro people, ghetto, segregation and integration with black, black masses, colony, colonialism and liberation that altered how audiences saw the ghettoes of large American cities and American institutions and linked the civil rights movement with the African movements for independence from colonial powers." (page 496)
"Carmichael understood the importance and power of words, that whoever controls language controls the world." (page 496)
Spectacle
Definition
In the context of protest rhetoric, 'spectacle' refers to something draws the public eye in order to create a visual impact; this can be utilized both by established powers and protesting groups as a rhetorical tool when navigating the public eye.
Example
One example is the use of the 'die-in' by gay rights movements when protesting AIDS; the images of 'dead' bodies on the steps of powerful lawmakers and places of government served as striking implications of guilt on part of those people and institutions due to their inaction on the AIDS crisis.
Passages to help define/contextualize this term:
From Deluca and Peeples:
"On today's public screen corporates and states stage spectacles (advertising and photo ops) certifying their status before the people/public and activists participate through the performance of image events, employing the consequent publicity as a social medium for forming public opinion and holding corporations and states accountable. Critique through spectacle, not critique versus spectacle." (page 190)
"The telespectacle [spectacle through television], for better or worse, is the center of public politics, of the public sphere" (Gronbeck, ctd in Deluca and Peeples 191)
Monday, October 10, 2016
Literary Historian
Definition: The literary historian is one who presents the material in a chronological and unbiased nature. In page 13, part five of the Haiman reading, it states that the literary historian, and not the statistician, should be the one to lay the ground work for the presentation method.
Example: In the reading it gives an example of what a literary historian should be responsible for, that is giving the reader a glimpse into the history of the times in which a movement took place in. "We should strive for movement studies which will preserve the idiom in which the actual movement was expressed" (page 13 Haiman)
In the text:
In the readings Haiman wrote about why the literary historian approach to rhetorical protest writings is important. He wrote in part 4, page 12, of the The rhetoric of historical movement reading that "the critic must judge the discourse in terms of the theories of rhetoric and public opinion indigenous to the times" (Haiman)
Movement Evolution
Definition: The gradual change in a movement's approach to affecting change as well, or a change in goals, indentity, etc.
Example: To take from the text, Stokely Carmichael's rhetoric of Black Power didn't focus on assimilation, and it wasn't worried about coming off as counter-culture to white masses for this reason. Although it still had the same overall goal of ending black persecution the attitude and method had adjusted according to the dissatisfaction of the lack of progress in former movements.
From the text:
"Just as societal elements create social movements because of frustration and disillusionment with the failure of institutiona/ establisbments to meet needs and rising expectations, so do elements within movements-particularly new generations of activists-become frustrated and disiilusioned with the failure of soci. maz)ement establisbnents to satisfy urgent needs and rising expectations (489).
Example: To take from the text, Stokely Carmichael's rhetoric of Black Power didn't focus on assimilation, and it wasn't worried about coming off as counter-culture to white masses for this reason. Although it still had the same overall goal of ending black persecution the attitude and method had adjusted according to the dissatisfaction of the lack of progress in former movements.
From the text:
"Just as societal elements create social movements because of frustration and disillusionment with the failure of institutiona/ establisbments to meet needs and rising expectations, so do elements within movements-particularly new generations of activists-become frustrated and disiilusioned with the failure of soci. maz)ement establisbnents to satisfy urgent needs and rising expectations (489).
Sunday, October 9, 2016
Collective Identity
Definition: the shared definition of a group that is
established through the members’ common experiences, interests, and beliefs. In
terms of a protest movement, this identity is “who we are” and gives a basic
structure to the movement in terms of its participants.
Example: Melucci discusses how social movements
involve a “plural nature of the actors involved” (344). He discusses one group,
which are the “’human capital’ professionals, who experience both the surplus
of potentialities offered by the system and its constraints” (344). This group
can “shift from a position of conflict to a counter-elite role…since the institutionalization
processes occur frequently and rapidly” (344). His example for this group is “environmental
groups with high professional skills [that] can easily become consultant firms
working on environmental problems” (344). A specific example of an
environmental consulting firm is CH2M Hill, which focuses on meeting the natural
resource and infrastructure needs of the world in a sustainable way for the
environment, society, and economy (CH2M Hill).
From the text: Collective identity is “concerned with
the processes by which individuals evaluate and recognize what they have in
common and decide to act together” (339). Melucci discusses how the collective
identity level can be explained by mobilization potential, recruitment
networks, and motivation to participate. Mobilization potential is “an
interactive and negotiated perception of action opportunities and constraints
common to a certain number of individuals” (339). Recruitment networks “play a
fundamental role in the process of involving individuals” and “the networks of
relationship already present in the social fabric facilitate the processes of
involvement and make the individual’s investment in the collective action less
costly” (339). The people who are part of a movement “interact, influence each
other, negotiate within these networks, and produce the cognitive and
motivational frames of reference necessary for the action” (340). The
motivation to participate “is constructed and consolidated in interaction” and
“a determinant influence on motivation is exerted by the structure of the
incentives, whose value originates at the level of the relationship networks
connecting individuals” (340). Melucci calls the “process of ‘constructing’ an
action system…collective identity”
(342). This identity “is an interaction and shared definition produced by
several individuals and concerned with the orientations of action and the field
of opportunities and constraints in which the action takes place: by ‘interactive
and shared’ I mean a definition that must be conceived as a process, because it
is constructed and negotiated through a repeated activation of the
relationships that link individuals” (342). A collective identity has two
components, which are “the internal complexity of an actor…and the actor’s
relationship with the environment” (342). As a process in its entirety,
collective action has three dimensions: “(1) formulating cognitive frameworks
concerning the ends, means, and field of action, (2) activating relationships
between the actors, who interact, communicate, influence each other, negotiate,
and make decisions, (3) making emotional investments, which enable individuals
to recognize themselves” (343).
Works Cited:
CH2M Hill. CH2M Hill, Inc. Web.
CH2M Hill. CH2M Hill, Inc. Web.
Melucci, Alberto. “Getting Involved:
Identity and Mobilization in Social Movement.” International Social Movement
Research, vol. 1, 1988, p. 338-345.
Public Screen
1. In DeLuca and Peeples the 'Public Screen' simply refers to the mass media that the public is subjected to.
2. This term can easily be seen in the World Trade Organization protests which occurred in Seattle, Washington. Due to the riots that broke out, the mass media and public screen greatly twisted and blew out of proportion certain elements, turning the focus of the protest from the actual protest cause, to the violence which occurred.
3. "The concept of the public screen enables scholars to account for the technological and cultural changes of the 20th century, changes that have transformed the rules and roles of participatory democracy." (DeLuca and Peeples 184)
2. This term can easily be seen in the World Trade Organization protests which occurred in Seattle, Washington. Due to the riots that broke out, the mass media and public screen greatly twisted and blew out of proportion certain elements, turning the focus of the protest from the actual protest cause, to the violence which occurred.
3. "The concept of the public screen enables scholars to account for the technological and cultural changes of the 20th century, changes that have transformed the rules and roles of participatory democracy." (DeLuca and Peeples 184)
Conventionalize
1. To make conventional. To simplify or stylize (a design, decorative device, etc)
2. A protest movement such as pro-choice activists shows well the idea of one group trying to conventionalize another. In this example individuals against pro-choice are attempting to conventionalize pro-choice advocates, trying to make them conform to accepted social standards (for them personally).
3. "Judge Perry enjoined the American Nazi Party and its leader, George Lincoln Rockwell, from demonstrating within one-half mile of any Jewish holy day, if clothed in Nazi garb or displaying Nazi symbols. He argues that such demonstrations would constitute an interference with the exercise of religious freedom by Jews attending their synagogues." (Haiman 15)
2. A protest movement such as pro-choice activists shows well the idea of one group trying to conventionalize another. In this example individuals against pro-choice are attempting to conventionalize pro-choice advocates, trying to make them conform to accepted social standards (for them personally).
3. "Judge Perry enjoined the American Nazi Party and its leader, George Lincoln Rockwell, from demonstrating within one-half mile of any Jewish holy day, if clothed in Nazi garb or displaying Nazi symbols. He argues that such demonstrations would constitute an interference with the exercise of religious freedom by Jews attending their synagogues." (Haiman 15)
Techno-epistemic
Definition (adj): of or relating to knowledge or methods of knowing or thinking that have been affected by technology and the progression of technology.
Techno-epistemic break - a change in the social structure of how we perceive information from the public sphere due to developing technologies that have altered how we view and perceive knowledge and think.
epistemic - of or relating to knowledge or knowing (Merriam-Webster)
techno - of or relating to technology (Merriam-Webster)
Example: Passage from DeLuca and Peeples - "... although an historically and culturally understandable desire, the fondness for bodily presence and face-to-face conversations ignores the social and technological transformations of the 20th century that have constructed an altogether different cultural context, a techno-epistemic break" (187).
Example: Protest movement: Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech televised. This was a change from, say, twenty years before when protests did not reach audiences with the use of technology such as the television. It was only because of the technological progression and the invention of the television that people were able to perceive the protest through that particular media. And certainly, perceiving it in such a manner indeed altered the way people though about it and the methods people used to analyze it.
Techno-epistemic break - a change in the social structure of how we perceive information from the public sphere due to developing technologies that have altered how we view and perceive knowledge and think.
epistemic - of or relating to knowledge or knowing (Merriam-Webster)
techno - of or relating to technology (Merriam-Webster)
Example: Passage from DeLuca and Peeples - "... although an historically and culturally understandable desire, the fondness for bodily presence and face-to-face conversations ignores the social and technological transformations of the 20th century that have constructed an altogether different cultural context, a techno-epistemic break" (187).
Example: Protest movement: Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech televised. This was a change from, say, twenty years before when protests did not reach audiences with the use of technology such as the television. It was only because of the technological progression and the invention of the television that people were able to perceive the protest through that particular media. And certainly, perceiving it in such a manner indeed altered the way people though about it and the methods people used to analyze it.
Critique Through Spectacle
Definition: Perceiving ideas and reviewing (or criticizing) them, not through the ideas themselves, but rather through spectacles (staged performances) which elicit deliberation and initiate the formation of an opinion.
Example; Passage from DeLuca and Peeples - "Groups perform image events (DeLuca, 1999) for dissemination via corporate-owned mass media that display an unceasing flow of images and entertainment. Although today's televisual public screen is not the liberal public sphere of which Habermas dreams, wherein a rational public through deliberative discussion achieves public opinion, neither is it the medical public sphere of representative publicity that Habermas fears, a site where rulers stage their status in the form of spectacles before the ruled. Rather, on today's public screen corporations and states stage spectacles (advertising and photo ops) certifying their status before the people/public and activists participate through the performance of image events, employing the consequent publicity as a social medium for forming public opinion and holding corporations and states accountable. Critique through spectacle, not critique versus spectacle" (190).
Example: Protest movement - Marlon Brando's Oscar speech, in which he did not show up to the 45th Academy Awards Ceremony, but instead had representative of the National Native American Image Association, Sacheen Littlefeather, stand in his place and refuse the award and announce a speak protesting the treatment of Native Americans in the film industry. In this instance, the "public screen corporation" is Brando who stages this spectacle on public television (the public screen) so that people had viewing access to be able to discuss the spectacle and form an opinion about the topic of the treatment of Native Americans. This is opposed to people having seen the negative treatment of Native Americans in film themselves and then critiquing based solely on the idea, not the idea through spectacle. The corportation "held accountable" here was the Academy Awards
Example; Passage from DeLuca and Peeples - "Groups perform image events (DeLuca, 1999) for dissemination via corporate-owned mass media that display an unceasing flow of images and entertainment. Although today's televisual public screen is not the liberal public sphere of which Habermas dreams, wherein a rational public through deliberative discussion achieves public opinion, neither is it the medical public sphere of representative publicity that Habermas fears, a site where rulers stage their status in the form of spectacles before the ruled. Rather, on today's public screen corporations and states stage spectacles (advertising and photo ops) certifying their status before the people/public and activists participate through the performance of image events, employing the consequent publicity as a social medium for forming public opinion and holding corporations and states accountable. Critique through spectacle, not critique versus spectacle" (190).
Example: Protest movement - Marlon Brando's Oscar speech, in which he did not show up to the 45th Academy Awards Ceremony, but instead had representative of the National Native American Image Association, Sacheen Littlefeather, stand in his place and refuse the award and announce a speak protesting the treatment of Native Americans in the film industry. In this instance, the "public screen corporation" is Brando who stages this spectacle on public television (the public screen) so that people had viewing access to be able to discuss the spectacle and form an opinion about the topic of the treatment of Native Americans. This is opposed to people having seen the negative treatment of Native Americans in film themselves and then critiquing based solely on the idea, not the idea through spectacle. The corportation "held accountable" here was the Academy Awards
Militancy
1. Definition: Having a combative character; aggressive, especially in the service of a cause ex. a militant political activist. A fighting, warring, or aggressive person or party.
Works Cited:
2. Protest Movement: The "New" Black Panther Party is an example of a "militant political activist" group. The shooter in Dallas, Texas who killed police officers was a member. The Party, lead by chairman Hashim Nzinga, is an African American group that was formed to fireback at police due to all the recent videos leaking of police brutality and racial killings of African Americans.
3. Passages from the text to help define/contextualize the term: "More than 250,000 leaders, members, and sympathizers, of the civil rights movement gathered in Washington, D.C. on August 28th, 1963 both to celebrate the movement's achievements and to 'Demand freedom now!'. They cheered and shouted 'We demand!' and proclaimed that 'this is a time for you act!'." (490).
Works Cited:
Stewart, Charles J. "The Evolution of a Revolution: Stokely Carmichael and the Rhetoric of Black Power." Tactical Modifications
Reactionary
1. Definition: (of a person or a set of views) opposing political or social liberalization or reform/change.
2. From the text: "First, the activists recognize transnational corporations as the dominant powers of the new millennium. Seattle protestors pointedly smashed the windows of Nike Town" (183).
3. Passages from the text to help define/contextualize the term: "Seattle and subsequent fair trade and democratic globalization protests around the world are striking crystallizations of a complex confluence of social, economic, technological, environmental, and political processes" (183).
Seattle protestors are reactionary protestors. They are opposed to political or social change when it comes to the dominance of big named corporations and new technologies in their area.
Works Cited:
DeLuca, Kevin M., and Jennifer Peeples. "From Public Sphere to Public Screen: Democracy, Activism, and the 'Violence' of Seattle." (2002)
Remediation
Definition: In the conversation of the public screen, "the representation of one medium in another" is remediation (Bolter and Grusin). The "refashioning" of one primal scene as a form of communication. Think about it: re-media-tion. In protest, this manipulates the view seen from the public screen.
Example: Instagram. The initial role of Instagram was to "instantly" put photos (often filters being applied to make them more archaic/polaroid) on the web. Showing how old physical photo styles could be replicated on the world wide webs.
Image Credit: Instagram logos - public on website. Instagram.com
From the text: Deluca and Peeples broadens the conversation of the public sphere to include the purpose of changing media formats to best represent the public goals. "Blter and Grusin argue that remediation is not a linear process and that 'older media can also remediate newer ones'" (188). D&P mostly references the B&G to grasp the concept of remediation and also try to blend remediation with "hypermediacy." "The logic of hypermediacy multiplies the signs of mediaiton" (188). D&P comment on how the accumulation of media posts trying to smother the public screen to make the point they're attempting to convey. A person becomes desensitized when viewing the same medium of information that the slightest change of format/medium could have the information be seen differently by the public. "Remediation provides a frame for conceptualizing the relation between the public sphere and the public screen" (188).
Works Cited:
Bolter, J & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation. Cambridge: MIT.
DeLuca, M., & Peeples, J. (2002). From public sphere to public screen: Democracy, activism, and the "violence" of Seattle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), 125-151.
Example: Instagram. The initial role of Instagram was to "instantly" put photos (often filters being applied to make them more archaic/polaroid) on the web. Showing how old physical photo styles could be replicated on the world wide webs.
Instagram logos reflecting the change of style/ old polaroid style
Image Credit: Instagram logos - public on website. Instagram.com
From the text: Deluca and Peeples broadens the conversation of the public sphere to include the purpose of changing media formats to best represent the public goals. "Blter and Grusin argue that remediation is not a linear process and that 'older media can also remediate newer ones'" (188). D&P mostly references the B&G to grasp the concept of remediation and also try to blend remediation with "hypermediacy." "The logic of hypermediacy multiplies the signs of mediaiton" (188). D&P comment on how the accumulation of media posts trying to smother the public screen to make the point they're attempting to convey. A person becomes desensitized when viewing the same medium of information that the slightest change of format/medium could have the information be seen differently by the public. "Remediation provides a frame for conceptualizing the relation between the public sphere and the public screen" (188).
Works Cited:
Bolter, J & Grusin, R. (1999). Remediation. Cambridge: MIT.
DeLuca, M., & Peeples, J. (2002). From public sphere to public screen: Democracy, activism, and the "violence" of Seattle. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 19(2), 125-151.
Dissemination
Definition:
The way and
degree to which the message a movement is trying to send is spread to the
public. Without any dissemination, protest movements are not visible and will
have much less impact than movements that are visible and widely disseminated
through a wide variety of sources. Things such as violence, visuals, drama, and
conflict all serve to increase dissemination of a protest and therefore its
visibility.
Example from the text or protest movement:
DeLuca and Peeples use the Greenpeace, an environmental
protection organization, as an example of effective dissemination and its
consequences. Early Greenpeace directors understood the concept of using
spectacle as a means to use the media to bring issues into the public
consciousness, and despite a lack of organization, resources, and large
membership, they were astonishingly successful in their goals (DeLuca and
Peeples, 192).
Passages from the text that help define or contextualize the
term:
“This understanding
of mass media has translated into a practice of staging image events for
dissemination… mass media provide a delivery system for image events that
explode ‘in the public’s consciousness to transform the way people view their
world’” (DeLuca and Peeples, 192).
“‘The more
dramatic you can make it, the more controversial it is, the more publicity you
will get… The drama translates into exposure. Then you tie the message into
that exposure and fire it into the brains of millions of people in the process’
(quoted in Scarce, 1990, p.104)” (DeLuca and Peeples, 192).
Source:
DeLuca, Kevin M.
and Peeples, Jennifer. "From Public Sphere to Public Screen: Democracy, Activism,
and the 'Violence' of Seattle." Readings in the Rhetoric of Social
Protest. Browne, Stephen Howard, and Charles E. Morris III, eds. State College,
PA: Strata Publishing, Inc., 2013.
Aggressor orator/Defender rhetorician
Definition:
Within the context of pro movements (ones which arouse
public opinion to create or accept an idea, institution, or practice) and anti
movements (ones which attempt to arouse public opinion to destroy or reject an idea,
institution, or practice), there are two types of rhetoricians.
Aggressor orator – One class of
rhetorician in a protest movement who attempts to establish in a pro movement
and destroy in an anti movement.
Defender rhetorician – Another
class of rhetorician in a protest movement who attempts to resist reform and
maintain in a pro movement and defend institutions in an anti movement.
Example from the text or protest movement:
Martin Luther King was an example of an aggressor orator,
pushing to destroy segregation in the Civil Rights anti movement.
Passages from the text that help define or contextualize the
term:
“Let us say that within each movement two classes of
rhetoricians may be distinguished: 1. aggressor orators and journalists who
attempt, in the pro movement, to
establish, and in the anti movement,
to destroy; and, 2. defendant rhetoricians who attempt, in the pro movement, to resist reform, and in
the anti movement, to defend
institutions” (Griffin, 11).
Source:
Griffin, Leland
M. "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements." Readings in the Rhetoric
of Social Protest. Browne, Stephen Howard, and Charles E. Morris III, eds.
State College, PA: Strata Publishing, Inc., 2013.
Statistician
Definition: A person who formulates and analyzes statistics or a collection of statistics. In protest analysis, this is a person who lists out the numbers, the dates, and/or the methods of a protest. They don't look at the protest in a holistic vantage point.
Example: Historians chart the statistics of the proportions of families that love below the poverty line and compare the national average of all Americans below the line to the average of African Americans below the line. The institution reported these data to convey the amount of inequality over the span of the Civil Rights movement(s).
Image Credit: Mintz, Steven. "The Civil Rights Revolution: Interpreting Statistics." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 29 July 2013.
From the text:
"The general method of presenting material, I believe, should be that of the literary historian rather than that of the statistician" (13). Griffin is explaining his position about which type of modality one should be thinking when approaching analysis of protest. "That is, we should strive for movement studies which will preserve the idiom in which the movement was actually expressed" (13). The problem with protest analysis is the lack of meaning behind the words of a movement. However, sometimes people are less responsive with words, they respond better with numbers. Griffin believes in the words. The only role a statistician plays in protest analysis is to showcase a more logical appeal - if that's what is necessary.
Works Cited:
Griffin, Leland (1952). "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements." Theoretical Foundations and New Directions.
Example: Historians chart the statistics of the proportions of families that love below the poverty line and compare the national average of all Americans below the line to the average of African Americans below the line. The institution reported these data to convey the amount of inequality over the span of the Civil Rights movement(s).
A bar graph comparing All Americans below the poverty line and African Americans below the poverty line
From the text:
"The general method of presenting material, I believe, should be that of the literary historian rather than that of the statistician" (13). Griffin is explaining his position about which type of modality one should be thinking when approaching analysis of protest. "That is, we should strive for movement studies which will preserve the idiom in which the movement was actually expressed" (13). The problem with protest analysis is the lack of meaning behind the words of a movement. However, sometimes people are less responsive with words, they respond better with numbers. Griffin believes in the words. The only role a statistician plays in protest analysis is to showcase a more logical appeal - if that's what is necessary.
Works Cited:
Griffin, Leland (1952). "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements." Theoretical Foundations and New Directions.
Agora And Pynx
Agora and Pynx:
Definitions: Both are settings and forms of public discourse. Both are considered small and intimate settings in which anyone is allowed to speak and add to the discussion. In an agora, there is no form of amplification for any single member. All members find themselves even, and are able to discuss in an open and diverse setting. In a Pynx, while all are still allowed to take part, there is a central speaker who's voice is amplified to be heard by the rest. In this case, the single speaker has the floor in terms of the discussion.
Definitions: Both are settings and forms of public discourse. Both are considered small and intimate settings in which anyone is allowed to speak and add to the discussion. In an agora, there is no form of amplification for any single member. All members find themselves even, and are able to discuss in an open and diverse setting. In a Pynx, while all are still allowed to take part, there is a central speaker who's voice is amplified to be heard by the rest. In this case, the single speaker has the floor in terms of the discussion.
Example from the text:
Agora: " The Athenian agora models metaphoric marketplace of ideas, an open and diverse (though not in terms of class and gender) space of mulitple activities, including trade, laws, entertainment, and politics."
Pynx: The Pynx, Athens' theater of democracy, calls forth our attachments to the New England town meeting on the village square or the public forum. A sloped, bowl-shaped theater, literally "a place for seeing," the architecture of the Pynx amplfied the one voice addressing the seated".
Passage Contextualizing the terms from the text:
"Despite the significant differences in methods and purposes of the agora and Pynx, we want to underline that they both privilege words in the form of embodied voices. Contemporary techno-industrial culture shares that privileging. When people imagine the ideal public sphere as the seat of civic life, the soul of participatory democracy, whether it be the marketplace of ideas wherein multiple knots of private conversations in coffee houses and salons add up to a public, or town meetings wherein anyone can say his or her piece, the public sphere is imagined as a place of embodied voices, of people talking to each other, of conversation." (186). This contextualizes the agora and Pynx as similar in ways to the public sphere. They both represent forms of public discourse in which people are having a conversation about what is to be done. There is a sharing of ideas and these ideas are embodied by the voices of those giving them.
Works Cited:
DeLuca, Kevin M., and Jennifer Peeples. "From Public Sphere to Public Screen: Democracy, Activism, and the 'Violence' of Seattle." Critical Studies in Media
Agora: " The Athenian agora models metaphoric marketplace of ideas, an open and diverse (though not in terms of class and gender) space of mulitple activities, including trade, laws, entertainment, and politics."
Pynx: The Pynx, Athens' theater of democracy, calls forth our attachments to the New England town meeting on the village square or the public forum. A sloped, bowl-shaped theater, literally "a place for seeing," the architecture of the Pynx amplfied the one voice addressing the seated".
Passage Contextualizing the terms from the text:
"Despite the significant differences in methods and purposes of the agora and Pynx, we want to underline that they both privilege words in the form of embodied voices. Contemporary techno-industrial culture shares that privileging. When people imagine the ideal public sphere as the seat of civic life, the soul of participatory democracy, whether it be the marketplace of ideas wherein multiple knots of private conversations in coffee houses and salons add up to a public, or town meetings wherein anyone can say his or her piece, the public sphere is imagined as a place of embodied voices, of people talking to each other, of conversation." (186). This contextualizes the agora and Pynx as similar in ways to the public sphere. They both represent forms of public discourse in which people are having a conversation about what is to be done. There is a sharing of ideas and these ideas are embodied by the voices of those giving them.
Works Cited:
DeLuca, Kevin M., and Jennifer Peeples. "From Public Sphere to Public Screen: Democracy, Activism, and the 'Violence' of Seattle." Critical Studies in Media
Public Addresses
Definition: A speech, or talk, given to a wide audience in a public setting. A dispense of information and rhetoric, given through a speaker to an established crowd and audience.
Example from a Protest Movement:
Martin Luther King's "I have a dream," speech would be considered a public address. It is a public speech delivered during the March on Washington in 1963. He delivered the speech to over 250,000 civil right supports and the speech has gone down in history as a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement.
Passage From the Text:
"The recommendation has been made, for example, that we pay somewhat less attention to the single speaker and more to speakers- that we turn our attention from the individual 'great orator' and undertake research into such selected acts and atmospheres of public address as would permit the study of a multiplicity of speakers...". (10)
"... The critic must judge the discourse (the public address) in terms of theories of rhetoric and public opinions indigenous to the times". (12)
Griffin talks about public addresses and how they must be judged. And how a broader study of speakers and their atmosphere can lead to a greater understanding of public address and discourse.
Passage From the Text:
"The recommendation has been made, for example, that we pay somewhat less attention to the single speaker and more to speakers- that we turn our attention from the individual 'great orator' and undertake research into such selected acts and atmospheres of public address as would permit the study of a multiplicity of speakers...". (10)
"... The critic must judge the discourse (the public address) in terms of theories of rhetoric and public opinions indigenous to the times". (12)
Griffin talks about public addresses and how they must be judged. And how a broader study of speakers and their atmosphere can lead to a greater understanding of public address and discourse.
Works Cited:
Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements." Readings in the Rhetoric of Social Protest. Browne, Stephen Howard, and Charles E. Morris III, eds. State College, PA: Strata Publishing, Inc., 2013.
Griffin, Leland M. "The Rhetoric of Historical Movements." Readings in the Rhetoric of Social Protest. Browne, Stephen Howard, and Charles E. Morris III, eds. State College, PA: Strata Publishing, Inc., 2013.
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