Annotated bibliography

Annotated bibliography

Ackerman, Peter. "Chapter 9. South Africa: Campaign against Apartheid." A Force More

            Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict. St. Martin's Press: New York, 2000. Print.

            Peter Ackerman's rendition of the timeline of non-violent, apartheid associated, protests brings attention to how communities of discriminated people banded together to overthrow an oppressive government. Ackerman's carefully conducted research shows that if the desire for change is strong enough, there is no need for physical violence. In his study of apartheid South Africa, the author depicts, in his book, a consumer boycott that began as a grass root effort and grew to nationwide proportions. Ackerman explicitly states in his account of the events, that he believes non-violent movements such as the boycott, were contributory toward ending apartheid and freeing Nelson Mandela. Ackerman's research of non-violent protest will be an instrumental example in my paper in proving the communal identity of the grassroots activists in the apartheid era, and how they influenced the rest of the country.

Ballard, Richard, Adam Habib, and Imraan Valodia. Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-           Apartheid South Africa. Scottsville, South Africa: U of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006. Print.

            The multi-authored book, "Voices of Protest: Social Movements in Post-Apartheid South Africa", documents movements in the post-apartheid era dedicated to empowering and mobilizing the previously downtrodden citizens of South Africa. Citing this account of South African social initiatives will build good context for the events that led up to protest as well as the repercussions. The reconstruction, as described by the book was a difficult task due to the events of prior segregation; but peace was achieved through the united native front, and new leadership. This rebuilding plays an important role in defining native identity and shows the communal character of South African pride developed in the aftermath of segregation.

Clegg, Johnny (with Nelson Mandela) "Asimbonanga" 1999 *freedom song

"Dubul'iBhunu"- Shoot the Boer (Afrikaner) Sung by: Julius Malema *freedom song

Frueh, Jamie. Political Identity and Social Change: The Remaking of the South African Social      Order. Albany: State U of New York, 2003. Print.

            Frueh's rendition of South African identity is key to understanding how the natives viewed themselves during separatism, and how they view themselves as part of the nation. It is important to examine the isolation natives of South Africa felt during apartheid to understand and redefine the identity they feel without exclusion. Frueh feels that native identity is still very much present in the post-apartheid era through the preservation of culture and native traditions. He looks past the idea of race as its own identity and points to how geography and socio-economics also play a role in identification. This point of view will serve as an interesting idea in contrasting the natives as an oppressed race, and as an integral part of new South African culture.

Grundlingh, Albert. “‘Rocking the Boat’ in South Africa? Voëlvry Music and Afrikaans Anti-          Apartheid Social Protest in the 1980s.” The International Journal of African Historical     Studies, vol. 37, no. 3, 2004, pp. 483–514.

            The motivation behind Voëlvry music examined by Grundlingh, is vital to understanding anti-apartheid protest. Stemming from the Dutch word meaning "to feel", the Voëlvry movement was created to mock the colonists as well as to send a message that says "we will not be silenced." According to eye-witness accounts that Grundlingh cites in his journal, the music and dance consisted of the clapping of hands and the stomping of one's feet. These easy but firm movements made it possible for anyone to participate in the protest; hence what made it so powerful. It is clear through the South African professor's analyzation of anti-apartheid protest that Voëlvry music played a key role in spreading the message of liberation and contributing to native identity through a heritage that all black South Africans could understand.

Haecker, Allyss Angela. Post-Apartheid South African Choral Music: An Analysis of Integrated     Musical Styles with Specific Examples by Contemporary South African Composers.      Thesis. University of Iowa, 2012. ProQuest Dissertations, January 2012. Web.

            Haecker's long and detailed look at South African choral music is essential in developing a language to talk about anti-apartheid and post-apartheid music. On page 23 of her thesis, Haecker discusses the ties of music to national identity; this will be the excerpt cited in my paper. Getting a second and published opinion on the subject of building music through identity will help me establish credibility on a subject matter of which I am by no means an expert. In addition, the author's claims of musical ties to identity, especially in the era of apartheid, are too central to my rhetorical analysis to pass up.

           

Harrell, Willie J, Jr: 'We Shall Crush Apartheid': Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko and the Rhetoric of             the South African Anti-Apartheid Jeremiad. Ethnicity and Race in a Changing World: A                       Review Journal, 1:1 (Winter 2009), p.13-27

In his analysis of the jeremiads of Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko, Willie Harrell Jr., a professor at Kent State University takes a look at the rhetoric that inspired social change within the anti-apartheid movement. He compares speeches given by both black activists, and comes to the conclusion, in his essay that both parties sought to abolish political and "rebuild or restructure community politics void of apartheid’s regime." He writes of the demands held by both Mandela and Biko and analyzes the genre of a Jeremiad in itself. Looking at the rhetorical contexts of the Jeremiad in my paper juxtaposed with the ideas produced in Harrell Jr.'s essay, I will be able to establish a more effective argument in regards to the rhetoric of the anti-apartheid movement in my paper.

Jolaosho, O. "Political Aesthetics and Embodiment: Sung Protest in Post-Apartheid South                   Africa." JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CULTURE, vol. 20, no. 4, 2015., pp. 443-            458doi:10.1177/1359183515601454.

            In her account of music as a form of protest, Jolaosho, a professor of African Studies at the University of South Florida, analyzes how freedom songs contributed to the growing community of protestors and how they are still relevant in the wake of "Neoliberal" politics of South Africa. She argues that freedom songs reach beyond the plight and rage of protestors in a way that also offers a way for the impoverished to be heard by the elite. The way freedom songs transcend socio-economic boundaries in the way Jolaoshao argues is an interesting addition to the cultural phenomenon of musical protest that I will further explain in my analyzation of freedom songs as a rhetorical object.

Mandela, Nelson. "Inaugural Address." Cape Town. 10 May 1994.

            Analyzing the inaugural speech of Nelson Mandela's first term in office is essential to understanding South African identity in the aftermath of apartheid. In his speech, Mandela abolishes the concept of separatism and calls for South African unity calling May 10, 1994 a "Victory for all the people of South Africa." He doesn't however abandon the harsh history natives faced in the wake of slavery and apartheid. He instead uses the imagery of a man brought to the country in chains as a way to depict how far his country has come as a nation. The speech is based primarily on democracy and equality for all South African's nuanced with goals to enfranchise the poor and the downtrodden. Nelson Mandela was a huge contributor to the reconstruction of South Africa both as a nation, and as an identity, and is imperative to examine in order to understand how the natives view themselves as part of the united nation.

Marx, Anthony W. "Contested Images and Implications of South African Nationhood." The             Violence Within: Cultural and Political Opposition in Divided Nations. Ed. Kay B. Warren.           Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.

            This book, as a whole, explores a range of contemporary conflicts in which culture has become an explicit issue. In Marx's essay "Contested Images and Implications of South African Nationhood", he develops an understanding of South African nationalism and its relation to overthrowing the oppressive regime of apartheid. The cultural anthropologist looks at the point of view of the natives and uses prominent speeches such as those from Popo Melefe to argue that regardless of the scale, nationalism will always impede persecution. Marx's understanding of South African nationalism will serve as an excellent source in my paper in regards to proving the native identity and how natives were able to rise up above separatism to accomplish their goals for equality.

Nemeth, Mary. "An exceptional protest: anti-apartheid groups stage a united march."    Maclean's 25 Sept. 1989: 34+. Biography in Context. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.

            The Cape Town united march in 1989, as explicated by journalist, Mary Nemeth is a solid example of a demonstration protest and of unity during the anti-apartheid movement. During the demonstration, an estimated 20,000 people, mainly black, took to the streets of the South African capital to protest segregation and persecution; where they chanted, sang freedom songs, and danced in an entirely non-violent manner. This protest ties directly to the proud, native identity and will be excellent, concrete evidence to argue unity through song and discrimination within the rhetorical context of my paper.

Neocosmos, M. From 'foreign Natives' to 'native Foreigners': Explaining Xenophobia in Post-     Apartheid South Africa: Citizenship and Nationalism, Identity and Politics. 2nd ed. Dakar,     Senegal: CODESRIA, 2010. Web.

            Neocosmos provides crucial information as well as evidence to the formation of Anti-apartheid identity in his book "foreign natives" to "native foreigners"..." Through the process of "state interpellation" described by the author, South African natives built on pre-existing political, social, and cultural identities as a result of the apartheid movement. Neocosmos, in his book, cites studies from Mahmood Mandani, who is a well-known sociologist and author as well as an expert on the social movements of apartheid. Mandani has formed theses based on the xenophobia that led to apartheid as well as xenophobic implications still present in South Africa in the post-apartheid era. Both of these key ideas will be essential in my paper's look at proving Native identity and how it was shaped by apartheid.

"Reigniting the Struggle: The 1970s Through the Release of Mandela." South Africa: Overcoming          Apartheid, Building Democracy. Michigan State University.

            This portion of research conducted by the Michigan State University’s African Studies Department primarily focuses on the timeline of the height of apartheid opposition to the release of Nelson Mandela. During this time, South African leaders attempted to push the apartheid movement beyond the boundaries of South Africa and into other countries. According to the text, this was unsuccessful as the majority of the continent was for the liberation of South African natives. This timeline is important because during this time of political unrest (even martial law), was when the concept of freedom songs and "Peoples poets" arose. Freedom songs, being the rhetorical object I will analyze in my thesis, bolstered unity throughout the African country and served to inspire protestors to fight for a better tomorrow. 

"The Rise of Apartheid." South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid, Building Democracy. Michigan     State University.

            The studies and research conducted by the Michigan State University African Studies Center will be a crucial source in my paper for developing a historical context for apartheid. The recorded timeline includes records of the origins of apartheid as well as the social, economic, and colonial conquests that built up to its happening. I will need this kind of academic research to effectively establish credibility on the topic of apartheid as well as to paint a picture of important events that occurred during the times of political struggle.