Annotated Biblio- Busing- Kaali R.

Kaali Roberts 

Dr. Brown

English

October 26, 2016

Busing Desegregation Works Cited

Book Secondary:

Begley, Thomas M., and Henry Alker. "Anti-Busing Protest: Attitudes and Actions." Social Psychology Quarterly. 4th ed. Vol. 45. N.p.: American Sociological Association, n.d. 187-97. JSTOR. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. Published by the American Sociological Association and authors Thomas M. Begley and Henry Alker wrote a book on busing. In the chapter I am focusing on they look at the attitudes and actions during the time of the protest. The thesis goes over arguing that the shortcomings of attiudinal studies in the past are both due to limited range of the "explanatory variables. The authors would like to answer if attitudes predict what types of protest activity. To develop the thesis the authors give a brief introduction and foot notes to prep for the thesis in which they talked about types of attitudes that were an important factor. The purpose of the book is not to necessarily give information on busing but to argue on questions they have throughout the book. I think that the intended audience is people who are interested in examining different question pertaining to the attitude of protesters and why they react how they do and scholars or individuals in the science field who would like to study the behavior of people during change.

Scholarly J.:

Cataldo, Everett, Michael Giles, Deborah Athos, and Douglas Gatlin. "Desegregation and White Flight." Equity & Excellence in Education 13 (2006): 1-5. Google Scholar. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. The authors of the Equity and Excellence in Education scholarly peer reviewed article covers the reasons for desegregation and white flight as well as the reactions to desegregation. In doing so, the thesis shows statistics for integration and the progress that has been made in this process. It also skims over the history and root of desegregation as it talks about Brown v. Board of Education who ultimately ruled school segregation as unconstitutional. The purpose of the paper/ thesis is to explain the process of desegregation. Even though the act was put into place in 1954, there was still segregation in neighborhoods. Also, unlike some articles, it manages incorporate the reactions of people from. the desegregation with percentages. Listing the number of parents who enrolled their children in desegregated schools and parents who complied. I think the purpose of it is to show the progress of desegregation, the reaction of people involved in the movement and racial attitudes toward desegregation; specifically, socio- economic characteristics. I think the intended audience should be people who are involved in the desegregation movement; mainly the ones who implemented this movement.

Primary Source:

Delaney, Paul. "Long‐Time Desegregation Proponent Attacks Busing as Harmful." NY Times. The New York Times Company, 07 June 1975. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. In this primary source written by Paul Delaney and published by The New York Times Company, Delaney begins to explain why James L. Coleman, a leading proponent of desegregation busing started to sway away from the movement. It explains that the movement was being abandoned by individuals because of the backlash it received from the white community. This will help strengthen my paper as it discusses what happened in the same time. The author developed his thesis by giving quotes as to what Coleman had reported to his audiences and factual evidence that he had seen. The authors purpose is to show that the protest was causing a lot of conflict in and outside of the communities it was being forced on. The authors intended audience would be anyone who would like to view an article written by someone who had witnessed the protest happen first hand or have some insight on what role major individuals in this time period played in the protest and how it affected communities.

Historical Context:

Farley, Reynolds. "Trends in Racial Inequalities." American Sociological Review. 2nd ed. Vol. 42. American Sociological Association, 1997. 189-208. Print. Author Reynolds Farley book American Sociology Review, published by the American Sociology Association from the University of Michigan was written to view the trends of racial inequalities by providing statistical research to back up his thesis which was included proving and disproving notions about the black community after the signing of the emancipation proclamation in 1863. He develops his thesis by giving factual evidence about how African Americans were slowly given rights throughout the years and how that helped the future. His purpose is to show and prove, through statistical means, how and if the black community is progressing and if racial inequality plays a part in any of it. The intended audience could be a scholar who would like to see how African Americans have progressed through the years job wise (income), etc., it could also help African Americans and Whites gain understanding as to the differences between race when it comes to income and trends in racial inequalities.

Looking at community/ identity:

Forbes, H. D. Ethnic Conflict: Commerce, Culture, and the Contact Hypothesis. N.p.: Yale UP, 1997. JSTOR. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. This book written by H. D. Forbes and published by Yale University Press does not focus on the desegregation busing protest itself, but the conflict behind it; contact hypothesis. He develops this argument by expressing the weaknesses in contact theory (forcing two different races into one) area, vs. people just getting know each other and build a relationship on their own. The intended audience are scholars who want information to back their articles by stating that forcing desegregation busing can cause more damage than it does good.

Scholarly Journal:

Formisano, Ronald P. Boston Against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s. N.p.: U of North Carolina, n.d. Print. The author of this book is Ronald Formisano and the book was published by The University of North Carolina Press. He develops his thesis by stating racial prejudice cannot explain the movement and how he wishes to delve deeper into the different ways in which the protest could be looked at and the different ways you could view people who were protesting. The author's purpose is to examine nationwide "resegregation" of schools and the sources of white opposition. The intended audience can be anyone who is interested in learning about the different ways in which the protest could be viewed and African Americans who are not sure why there was so much opposition to the integration of schools.

Book:

K’Meyer, Tracy E. Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South: Louisville, Kentucky, 1945-1980. N.p.: U of Kentucky, 2009. Civil Rights and the Struggle for Black Equality in the Twentieth Century. JSTOR. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. Tracy K'Meyer, author of Civil Rights in the Gateway to the South got her book published by the University Press of Kentucky. Throughout the book K' Meyer manages to cover desegregation and many other events that took place during the civil rights movement. The thesis introduces race relations in the south and the attitudes of blacks and whites toward one another in in early to late 1900's which the author planned on using as evidence as to why this was such a heated time. To prove this, various events which are related to race are discussed throughout the book and I plan to take some of these events and incorporate them into my paper to make my claim/ identity strong enough. The intended audience are professors who wish to study civil rights as well as segregation.

Historical:

Stefkovich, Jacqueline and Leas, Terrence "A Legal History of Desegregation in Higher Education." The Journal of Negro Education 63.2 (1994): 406-20. JSTOR. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. Authors Leas and Terrence contributed to the Journal of Negro Education with their piece named “A Legal History of Desegregation in Higher Education”. With this piece, the thesis seeks to highlight legal education and social issues that surround desegregation of higher education. The purpose of this thesis is to give insight about how effective the court is in neighborhoods that are segregated. The intended audience could be scholars who want to see the power that the supreme court has over the people

Secondary:

McClendon, McKee J. "Racism, Rational Choice, and White Opposition to Racial Change: A Case Study of Busing." The Public Opinion Quarterly 2nd ser. 49 (1985): 214-33. JSTOR. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. Author McKee McClendon of Racial Change journal and published by Oxford University Press develops his thesis by touching on subjects such as the question of if there is an uproar because of desegregation of races or because of "too much costs and not enough benefits" (McClendon, 216). His purpose is to use statistical evidence to support his claim or question of whether the protests is charged off of racial desegregation or because the costs are too high. McClendon's purpose is also to convince the reader of what the real issue of the busing protest was by showing hard evidence. The audience is intended to be skeptics who are biased on why they think the protest happened and scholars who also want to prove why the protests happened.

History/ Secondary:

Mercat-Bruns, Marie. "5 The Multiple Grounds of Discrimination." Discrimination at Work: Comparing European, French, and American Law. Trans. Elaine Holt. N.p.: U of California, n.d. 145-246. Print. In this book by author Marie Mercat- Bruns and published by the University of California Press, we look at the historical context for African Americans in this time period.In thesis it proceeds to tell us how the author plans on breaking down the paper. Touching on subjects such as age and gender. The author develops the thesis by decided to place multiple groups of discrimination that might be directed at the same people and basically backing up the question posed (The couple pages is filled with questions and answers) to the readers by providing factual evidence through the law. The purpose of the book is to let us be aware of the acts of discrimination and how it was set in the 1900's. The intended audience could be a professor/ teacher who would like to have a class discussion about what they feel discrimination and segregation would look time in this era.

Community/ Identity:

Mills, Nicolaus, ed. "Busing U.S.A." Comp. James L. Morrison. UNC Press 64.2 (1980): 73-74. JSTOR. Web. 24 Oct. 2016. The journal Busing U.S.A. was written by Nicolaus Mills and reviewed by James L Morrison. The author develops his thesis by stating that he has three main points to cover throughout the article which are the legal aspects of desegregation, series of academic papers that talk about the "Social Scientists and White Flight" and lastly, " National and Local Politics". He develops his thesis by stating how he planned on proving his stance in all of these areas. Forlegal aspects of desegregation, he plans on including the essay of Professor Owin M. Fiss of Yale University, detroit school bus case (Milliken vs. Bradley) and the constitutional law that denies cross district busing. In his second section, he builds with a support essay of Phi Delta Kappan printer James S. Coleman, who argued that busing might increase segregation causing white flight. To conclude, he speaks about reoirts by four cities that have responded to busing crisis and it weighs out the accomplishments and limited success in areas with bus desegregation. I think his intended audience are the whole community as it is not directed at a certain protest that has happened during the time of desegregation busing. With an idea of the audience that he is trying to connect with, one can surmise that he hopes to achieve an over all understanding of the various points in desegregation busing. This means, the politics behind it, why people reacted the way the did, and what the legal aspects were behind this whole movement.

Looking at protest itself:

Olzak, Sasan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth West. "School Desegregation, Interracial Exposure, and Antibusing Activity in Contemporary Urban America." American Journal of Sociology 100.1 (1994): 196-241. Web. 22 Oct. 2016.

·         The names of the authors are Susan Olzak, Suzanna Shanahan from Stanford University and Elizabeth west who studied at McGill University. This was published in the year of 1994 by The University of Chicago Press. The author(s) develops their thesis by stating that, “this article argues that both explanations (of antibusing activity) imply that racial competition generated collective action against busing… This article examines these competition arguments using data on anti- busing events, school desegregation, and interracial residential exposure in SMSA’s from 1968 through 1990”.  They develop their argument by showing two ways in which the protest could be viewed. They achieved this by showing how the busing was not always protested; some people were compliant, whereas others in different areas reacted differently and why. The author’s purpose is to show the audience the effects of desegregation nd interracial contact, more so showing that the protests only happened in a few places. Their intended audience are people interested in examining racially fueled protests and scholars who study protest movements specifically racial protests.

Another Scholarly Journal:

Rossell, Christine H., ed. "Applied Social Science Research: What Does It Say about the Effectiveness of School Desegregation Plans?" The Journal of Legal Studies 12.1 (1983): 69-107. JSTOR. Web. 25 Oct. 2016. This scholarly journal article was peer reviewed by David J. Armor and published by the Journal of Legal studies. The thesis of this scholarly article was to "organize the available information on school desegregation plans in order to elevate the quality of the current debate" (Rossell, 69). To do this she will identify the specific policy issues that can by looked at by social science research. This is because she seeks to make her research for this paper very clear and uncover the traits of desegregation plans to reduce white flight, have a better community and have less isolation due to race. Her intended audience could be a student who has been victim to violence in protest with the desegregation busing system, reporters who want to understand why we don't have a positive community when it comes to desegregation and professors who seek to make the classroom comfortable for both races to be together; especially in that the mid- late 1900s.

Book Secondary:

Useem, Bern. "Trust in Government and the Boston Anti-Busing Movement." The Western Political Quarterly. 1st ed. Vol. 35. N.p.: U of Utah, n.d. 81-91. JSTOR. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. This book chapter by Bern Useem and published by the University of Utah soley bases their thesis from an idea that theorists have made. Useem talks about research by cross- national data to show the relationship between legitimacy and political stability. Useem also wants to assess the "extent to which the concept of legitimacy or trust in government explains support of and participation in the Boston anti-busing movement” ( Useem, 82). He begins to develop his thesis by talking about analysts who use the trust in government policy to distinguish that policy from specific support. The purpose of this paper is to show the people who were against busing in the boston area, wh and examine the government and their involvement in the anti- busing movement. I think the intended audience are for African Americans who want to know if the government implemented the busing for credible reasons

Historical Context:

Wilson, William J. More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City (Issues of Our Time). N.p.: Norton, W. W. &, n.d. Issues of Our Time Ser. Google Books. 03 Sept. 2009. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. William J. Wilson, author of More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City and published by Norton. His thesis is based upon explaining how black lives have changed throughout each decade and how inequality still has been a problem through the 70's (the period where the desegregation busing took place) and how it impacted the lives of African Americans. The author's purpose is to bring to light the injustices and the hardships African American's went through during the time periods he covers. The intended audience are those who seek information on the history of African Americans throughout centuries.