Megan Kathleen McDonald
Dr. Steph Brown
English 306
14 September 2016
The May 4th
Massacre
Extreme trust must be instilled in
American voters when choosing a president to lead our country; for the people
never know their exact intentions that they plan on executing after they are
elected. Candidate Richard Nixon promised the American people an escape to
peace from the Vietnam War. On November 3, 1969, American citizens were
distraught when President Nixon announced on national television his new plan
known as “Vietnamization” which ordered to draft and send 150,000 soldiers overseas
in expansion of the Vietnam War. Young Americans in this time period acted in
an ironic fashion because although they elected Nixon to bring them peace, he did
not comply with these plans which lead to the citizens and especially the National
Guardsmen to act out in an inappropriate and violent manner. The May 4th
massacre was an outcome of president Nixon’s expansion and lead to open fire on
a college campus in Kent Ohio, ending in 4 tragic deaths and 9 injuries.
First, it is crucial to realize the relevant
abuse of authoritative power that took place during the Kent State rally in
1970. Although 3 days’ worth of protests were executed in result of Nixon’s announcement
on the Draft Lottery, the National Guardsmen took an extremely impulsive
precaution during their duty on campus, resulting in pain and suffering nation
wide. Despite the fact that this protest was indeed very violent, it is necessary
to grasp the fact that these actions taken on not only protestors, but innocent
bystanders as well, are what resulted in the May 4th massacre.
Strong emotion is shown throughout this controversial matter
being that antiwar protestors voicing their opinion and even innocent lives were
put in danger, or lost completely. College is a self-enriching growth period in
a person’s life. Being that students’ nation wide and more specifically, those
involved in the Kent State shooting, were robbed of this opportunity displays
reasoning behind their angry protests towards President Nixon. While National Guardsmen
witnessed the several mass rallies’ that occurred, an article gives a better
glimpse of the terror the students were facing when shots were fired by
stating, “The crackle of the rifle volley cut the suddenly still air. It
appeared to go on, as a solid volley, for perhaps a full minute or a little
longer. Some of the students dived to the ground, crawling on the grass in
terror. Others stood shocked or half crouched, apparently believing the troops
were firing into the air. Some of the rifle barrels were pointed upward” (NY
Times). This quote undoubtedly appeals to emotion because of the sudden action
that protestors and bystanders were forced to take in order to protect their
own lives. This situation is extremely ironic to anyone involved because all adolescents
nearby were shielding themselves from authority whose responsibility is to
protect and serve citizens. After the round of riffle shots were fired, “a slim
girl, wearing a cowboy shirt and faded jeans, was lying face down on the road
at the edge of the parking lot, blood pouring out onto the macadam, about 10
feet from this reporter” (NY Times). The emotion that this quote illustrates in
this 1970’s news report allows for people who were not on the scene to gain a personal
perspective on this tragedy. The description of this young woman adds a sense
of authenticity to those uninvolved on account of the harsh reality that her opinion
was unreasonably oppressed. Sandy Scheuer, William Schroeder, Allison Krause,
and Jeffrey Miller were all between the ages 19 and 20 that lost their lives as
a result of destructive retaliation. Allison and Jeffrey participated in the antiwar
protests; Sandy and William were walking from one class to another. The
emotional toll that this bloodshed caused directly affected individuals and
particularly the nation as a whole. The citizens’ emotions towards the Kent
State shootings created a controversial issue that started “domino effect” of
protests throughout United States. . It’s almost as if other wars began within
America while trying to end the one in Vietnam.
Factual evidence that has been
gathered through FBI research and investigation states that all youth were
unarmed at the scene of the protest. The first shot that began what was a
horrific riot was fired by a National Guardsman. A research article regarding
the disputed start to the shootings states, “There was an attempt to blame a
mysterious sniper, of whom no trace was ever found; there was no evidence, on
the ground, on still photographs or a film, of a shot fired by anyone but the
Guardsmen” (The Ethical Spectacle). This accusation of an unknown individual possessing
and firing a “mysterious sniper” allows for Guardsmen to shift the blame of
their rapid fire onto those underserving. Guardsmen claim that the “sound of
the sniper” was heard and that is what provoked them to fire. The suspicious sound
of a rifle fire cannot be credible on account that there are no recorded
witnesses, photos, or videos that prove this during the protests. In addition
to this, Larry Shafer, Ohio National Guard on scene, told reporters his opinion
over what had happened during his duty at Kent State. He states, “The Kent State shootings could have been prevented with
proper leadership. There was never any real need for the National Guard to be
in Kent in May 1970.” (Larry Shafer). The direct quotation from a National
Guardsman member disagreeing with his own forces decisions, proves to American
citizens that the situation that involved such fatality could have been easily avoided.
The armament used at Kent State such as tear gas weapons and heavy duty rifles by
Guardsmen should only be involved in military circumstances, obviously not a college
protest. Clarity and credibility is given to those who were unable to witness
this tragic event through evidence provided and the commentary of those who were
involved.
To some, 4
deaths and 9 injuries may not sound very destructive considering the lives that
were taken in the Vietnam War. These adolescents’ names may sound like ordinary
people, but these individuals’ lives were abruptly taken from not only
themselves, but loved ones as well. In conclusion, the violent Cambodian
Campaign and antiwar protestors at Kent State University did not deserve to be
shot and this 1970’s nightmare provided a mere glimpse of incautious and rash
actions that would take place by authority in the future. It is crucial to
learn from this event, instilling in todays youth the certainty that it should
be deemed right to be able to speak ones’ mind without any fear dwelling in
their thoughts.
Works Cited
By Doing What Mitchell and Kleindienst
Had. "Accounts." May 4 Archive
-. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
By Noon, the Entire Commons Area
Contained Approximately 3000 People. Although Estimates Are Inexact, Probably
about 500 Core Demonstrators Were Gathered around the Victory Bell at One End
of the Commons, Another 1000 People Were. "The May 4 Shootings at Kent
State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy." Kent State University. N.p., n.d. Web.
14 Sept. 2016.
"Kent State, May 4, 1970: America
Kills Its Children." Kent State, May
4, 1970: America Kills Its Children. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
Kifner, John. "The New York
Times." 4 Kent State Students Killed
by Troops (n.d.): n. pag. Nytimes.com.
Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
This is a really good first draft. You are clearly an experienced writer and that shows through your powerful choice of wording to describe the events that transpired at Kent State. The overall structure of the paper is well thought out and put together, and all of the quotes you used are set up and placed appropriately. However, it is unclear, reading the draft what your specific object is. Out of context I assume it is various newspapers and news articles but you might want to explicitly state what it is that shows the rhetoric of the protest. You did a good job saying how various articles appealed to emotion. It is evident you have a good grasp of pathos and how it was utilized in the reports of the Kent State shootings. However, you didn't identify an audience for the protest or identities that may have formed after the protest or ones that attributed to its origin. It's important to identify the audience so readers can get a better idea of how the rhetoric is attempting to reach it. I think, like some other members of our group, you may have gotten a bit carried away with the amount of background that needed to be provided within the paper. I realize this is probably difficult, due to your object being newspapers that recall the events of the anti-war protest, but I think if you focused more on how the articles themselves instilled certain emotions in their audiences, it would balance out the amount of history. I liked how you made individual claims, like in paragraph 4, and follow them up with specific facts and figures of the massacre that are backed up by sources. This really shows credibility and that you did your research. In your conclusion, you mention a "Cambodian campaign" but didn't mention it elsewhere in the paper. In order to avoid confusion, I think it would be a good idea to give a short description of what that is. Also, I like the title.
ReplyDeleteI think to benefit your paper you should add a paragraph about the application of ethos pathos logos. For example Nixon appealed to emotion and his character people trusted who he was to bring the troops home.
ReplyDeleteYou could add how factual evidence from the FBI showed no protester shot first and I'm sure that cause riots thats logic evidence that upset people.
These are just my opinions I'm not trying to tell you how to write your paper.
You have a powerful voice throughout which lends to the paper nicely. I think to improve this you could talk about the ethos, pathos and logos more. At time throughout this paper it can sound a little aggressive. I am personally fine with it, but others may be offput with it. Perhaps finding a way to tell us while having a more calming sense would make a more inviting paper. You could also talk about why you think Nixon would ever allow something like this happen. This paper has so much happening that you could expand it and make it even better than what it already is.
ReplyDelete