Friday, December 9, 2016

An Open letter to "Anti-Vaxxers"

Zoe Meade
Dr. Brown
8 December 2017

An Open Letter to “Anti-Vaxxers”

An open letter to “Anti-Vaxxers
            Too many people in the world, including myself, there is nothing more important the health and safety of our children. I understand that when you choose not to vaccinate your child, you are making a decision that you believe is the best choice for their health and happiness. However, when you choose to not vaccinate your child not only are you putting them at risk, you jeopardize the “herd immunity”. With the resurgence of preventable disease, such as measles, mumps and whooping cough this letter I want to help you understand that vaccinations are overall the safest way to protect your children as well as the general population. Hopefully I can convince you that it is your duty to vaccinate your child.

First let’s address “herd immunity”. Herd immunity is a form of protection against disease, It happens when the majority of a population is vaccinated. When you choose not to vaccinate your children, you threaten herd immunity. This might not seem like that big of a deal, until you take into account the consequences. In addition to weakening the “head” and allowing disease such as measles to spread, you put great risk on those people who cannot get vaccines, such as people whose religions prevent them from doing so, and, most noticeably, the immuno-compromised (Willingham and Helft). A reason that you may choose not to vaccinate your child is because you believe their body is strong enough to fight off disease. This is sometimes true (it is still very possible they could die because of a preventable disease) but for people who are immunocompromised, the risk of dying because their immune systems are so weak (Schreier). If someone who was immunocompromised was to catch a disease like whooping cough, their chances of dying would be much greater than someone whose immune system was strong.  When Anti-Vaxxers like yourselves choose not to vaccinate their children, you are putting not only their lives at risk, but you are needlessly endangering the lives of people who CANNOT get vaccinations.
           
            Now there are a couple of myths that many Anti-Vaxxers believe in and use as evidence to support not vaccinating their children. The biggest myth people tend to turn to is the idea that vaccines cause Autism. In 1988, Dr. AJ Wakefield published a study that suggested the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) was linked to behavioral issues (Rao). Almost immediately his study was proven to be incorrect and very soon after Wakefield admitted that he had been bribed by lawyers from a lawsuit were parents were suing vaccine companies (Rao). In the years since, Wakefield has retracted his study, and no study since has been able to prove a solid link between vaccines and any behavioral or mental disorders. However, I would like the pose the question, even if vaccines did in fact because Autism, is that really worse than your child dying from a preventable disease? Not only are you sending the message that you care more about your child’s behavioral health than their actual lives, you are telling the millions of people living with Autism that their lives are literally worse than death.

            Another myth that you might be relying on to justify not vaccinating, is that the disease which many vaccines protect from aren’t around anymore. This is not only untrue, but the rise in preventable diseases has actually been linked to the growing number of people not vaccinating. Measles, for example was a virtually obsolete disease in the United States, but in 2015 a huge outbreak began in Disneyland and spread to about 48 states and the large majority of the people who got Measles, were unvaccinated. (CDC). And it’s not just Measles that has seen a resurgence, the CDC’s office website shows a growth in Hepatitis A, Mumps and Whooping cough that are up from years in the past. When you rely on the fact that diseases have seemly become obsolete, and that everybody is vaccinated anyway so your child is protected, you help diseases like these grow and spread across the country. The CDC’s article on the Measles outbreak specifically notes that the outbreak was caused by unvaccinated members of the community. By not vaccinating your children, you are helping very preventable diseases grow and spread across the country and around the world.

            Finally, a lot of Anti-Vaxxers are put off by the ingredients in vaccines. “There are too many poisons” or “Too many chemicals”. I hate to be the one to break this to you, but the whole world is made up of “chemicals”. And if by “chemicals you mean things that are “unnatural” like the aluminum, found in many vaccines, that too in uninformed. A study published on Science direct determined that an infant is exposed to more aluminum in their mother's breast milk, than any vaccine that currently exists (Melania). Additionally, many parents point out such scary ingredients as sodium chloride (salt) agar (algae) and Bovine Casein, which is a protein found in everyday cow milk (like the kind you drink and poor on cereal). What it comes down to is yes, vaccine ingredients might seem scary, but when you really look into what all the ingredients really are they are mostly things you find in everyday life. And for the really scary ones like formaldehyde, they are used in such small amounts that it poses no risk to your child. Pears and apples contain natural arsenic and cyanide, but you probably wouldn’t stop your child from eating either of those healthy fruits because they drop of poison the apple contains is less important the health benefits of eating an apple. Think of vaccines like that apple, yes there might be an ingredient that seems scary, but overall the vaccine, like the apple, is good for you!

            When you choose not to get your child vaccinated, you are not only making decisions about your child's health, but you are taking the lives of the communities around you into your hands. People who cannot get vaccinated, especially those whose immune systems are compromised (and who, might I add would love to be vaccinated if they could) are put at great risk because of your willingness to listen to pseudoscience. At the end of the day, it is a very real possibility that your child could die of a preventable disease because you chose not to get them vaccinated.  I know it might be hard to take advice for your own children from somebody else, but I urge you to look at the evidence presented here, do your own research and hopefully you will come to the conclusion that vaccines a safe way to protect your child, and your community, from preventable disease.








Works Cited
Mendick, Melania. "Aluminium Levels in Human Milk." Aluminium Levels in Human Milk. Science Direct, n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2016.
Rao, T. S. Sathyanarayana, and Chittaranjan Andrade. "The MMR Vaccine and Autism: Sensation, Refutation, Retraction, and Fraud." Indian Journal of Psychiatry. Medknow Publications, May 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2016.
Schreier, Rebecca. "Infections in the Immunocompromised Host ." Infections in the Immunocompromised Host: Practice Essentials, The Child with Frequent Infections, Immunocompromising Conditions. Medscape, 22 Apr. 2015. Web. 08 Dec. 2016.
Willingham, Emily, and Laura Helft. "What Is Herd Immunity?" PBS. PBS, 05 Sept. 2014. Web.  08 Dec. 2016.















Word Count of Letter- 1191
Where I would like this to be published- Ideally I would like this letter published in a big newspaper like the New York Times. It may seem like a reach, but because Anti-Vaxxers post a threat to national health I think that a nationally acclaimed paper publishing a letter like this would reach a large audience. It might also encourage people who do vaccinate their kids, to talk to friends and family about doing the same.
Paragraph Structure Paragraph
Paragraph One
·         The purpose of this paragraph is to address Anti-Vaxxers, show them why I want to address them, and open my letter.
·         Main Characters- Anti-Vaxxers, Vaccines and Me 
·         The Topic Strings that paragraph one uses are chained topic strings and mixed topic strings.
Paragraph Three
·         The purpose of this paragraph is to address the common myth that vaccines cause Autism and a. show that it’s not true and b. explain that even if they did, Autism is not worse than death.
·         Main Characters- Anti-Vaxxers, Vaccines and Me 
·         This paragraph also uses mixed and chained topic strings.
Purpose of my conclusion-
The purpose of my conclusion is to reiterate the dangers of not vaccinating your child as well as encourage my reader to not just look at the evidence in this letter, but to go out and do their own research. I believe that people who look into evidence themselves (instead of being “told what to do”) tend to believe it more. Additionally, I wanted to use pathos, the emotional response of reminding them their child could die, to encourage anti-Vaxxers to reconsider their stance.
Explication
I was inspired to write this letter after my young, immunocompromised cousin was diagnosed with whopping cough because a parent in his school chose not to vaccinate their child. Something I have learned in this class over everything else is that you are more invested in something you care about than a topic you pick because you think it is “easy” or something along those lines.
In my open letter I tried to utilize the many different strategies for persuasive writing that we went over in class. I used ethos, pathos and logos throughout my entire letter. I used the emotional points of your child is at risk and other members of the community are at risk of dying to elicit an emotional response, but then I follow up each of these “emotional attacks” with logical reasoning and facts from credible sources. Additionally, I tried to write at the level of my reader, and instead of using technical academic writing, I wrote more casually, and even relied on some colloquialisms. Out of the three I believe I use ethos and logos equally, as I continuously bring up “the children” (the emotional response) and the evidence that supports vaccines are safe and good for society.
Overall I feel as though this would be an effect way to address anti-Vaxxers and persuade them to reconsider their stance.

  

Persuasive Paper - Open Letter

Colin Potter
Dr. Stephanie Brown
Persuasive Essay Final
Open Letter of Millennials Concerned About Trump and this Past Election

Dear Millennials,
            2016 has been one of the worst years on record. With the death of so many influential people, and the rise of Donald Trump, it is hard to be optimistic moving forwards. Barring a cataclysmic meteorite striking the Earth square in the middle of the US, Donald Trump will be the next president of the United States, having won 306 electoral votes (CNN). This is especially disheartening when you look at the popular vote, results, which as of this writing were 62,793,872 (46.3%) for Donald Trump and 65,432,202 (48.2%) for Hillary Clinton. All this makes it seem like we are all helpless to make progress and positive change in our country, however there are many ways in which one person can make a huge difference within their community, in the nation, and even globally. More importantly, the price of complacency in this key point in our history may be a reduction of the rights of our fellow Americans, a huge global conflict, and irreversible damage to our environment. All of us should get involved by donating money to organizations that support our views, calling our representatives to voice our concerns and values, speaking out against oppression, and voting.
            I can say with relative certainty that we all wish to make a positive impact in the country. The problem is that, with the results of this election, it might be hard to know what to do. The biggest opposition many millennials usually have to becoming politically active is, “What can one person do to make a difference? Someone else will be able to dedicate more time that I will so it doesn’t matter if I get involved.” This is not only wrong, but it assumes that someone else out there has your exact same values but is willing to dedicate twice as much time and effort to make up for your noninvolvement. Even if it is simply a monthly $5 donation to an organization working to progress your values, it still goes a long way. Bernie Sanders was able to push the most progressive platform the Democratic Party has ever had raising money with just around $30 as an average donation (Bump). He may not have won, but many of his most popular points are now part of the Democratic platform, making this a clear example of the impact even a little involvement can have. Even getting out one evening and participating in a protest is a way to make your voice heard and push for change.
            [1]Change can be made at many different levels in our society, so deciding which level to put your time and money in is very important. You will see the most change from your effort and money at the community level. Calling city council members, donating money to local organizations like the local Planned Parenthood or local food bank, and even getting involved in your neighborhood are great way to push for change in a way that will be visible to you and not depend directly on who may be President. At the State level, your time and money work to elect your state representatives and push for changes that affect the whole state. These changes have the potential to affect anything from how much money your local schools receive, to when your city and county can decide to hold an election for local politicians. Pushing for these changes is a great way to influence your state representatives and push for state policy which in many cases may become adopted by politicians at the national level, impacting the whole country. At the national level, your time and money generally have the least impact. However, there are things that can be done to push for change. Calling the local offices of your congressmen and women is a great way to push for your values at the national level through your representatives in Congress. Donating money to national organizations is also a great way to allow these organizations to do a better job at their goals, and it means that your interests are more strongly represented. Just look at how much influence the NRA has, and imagine if instead of a group like that it were an environmental organization who had that much power because of donations of individuals.
            [2]A huge issue that has come up recently has been how people should protest. Millennials get out on the street to protest Trump’s election and get yelled at to get jobs, to get over it you college brats, and that it won’t make a difference. These arguments are all wrong to some degree or another. It is definitely not true that protesters don’t have jobs. The truth is that millennials can’t afford things because of rising costs of living and especially of education, and a part time or full time job is not enough to pay college tuition, and being a student in debt does not devalue the voice you have. What you choose to do with your free time is different for everyone, and people who choose to spend it making their voice heard are completely justified in doing so. The argument that millennials are spoiled and should get over it is an argument designed to devalue the voices of the millions of people out there protesting and make them have less of an impact. People who are dissatisfied are often viewed in this way, and are devalued just like this by others whose views are different. Finally, the notion that a millennials won’t make a difference by protesting is completely wrong. The goal isn’t to change the result of the election overall, it is to raise awareness of the fact that Clinton won the popular vote by almost 2%, a sizable margin, and Trump and republicans need to realize this and work to reconcile the concerns of the majority moving forwards. Because of this goal, protests on Trump’s presidency are effective because they succeed in raising awareness of this fact.
            [3]Moving forwards in this divided chapter in our nation’s history, I encourage you to get involved, to donate money to local and national organizations that protect and advance your interests, call local and national politicians to make sure they know about your concerns, and get out and protest. The alt-right has done a fantastic job at being politically active, and have been very successful at pushing their values and policies into office and law. It’s about time that the left did the same, and it can only happen if many people mobilize and get involved. The only way to do it wrong is to not get involved at all. There is so much at stake, from our environment, to our rights, and even our international relations, all of which should alone be enough reason to get involved but together make it imperative we do. So let’s get to work.

Works Cited
CNN Politics. 2016 Election Results. CNN Politics, 2016, www.cnn.com/election/results. Accessed 8 Dec 2016.
Bump, Philip. Bernie Sanders keeps saying his average donation is $27, but his own numbers contradict that. Washington Post, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/04/18/bernie-sanders-keeps-saying-his-average-donation-is-27-but-it-really-isnt/?utm_term=.b3a488b24244. Accessed 8 Dec 2016.



[1] Paragraph Structure Paragraph 1:
-          Purpose: to look at the differences in what effect they can have on their community, state, and the nation are.
-          Main Characters: the reader, their time and money
-          Topic String Type: A mixed topic string format, with focused at the beginning and more chained strings later on. There are several breaks in the string organization as I switch between the community, state, and national level.
[2] Paragraph Structure Paragraph 2:
-          Purpose: Defend the protests occurring against Trump and convince the reader to be a part of other protests.
-          Main characters: Millennials, these arguments, the reader, people in general
-          Topic String Type: Mixed format, alternating between focused and chained, but following a branching chain style where one
[3] Conclusion Justification:
                The biggest thing I was trying to accomplish in the conclusion was to reiterate the ways I discussed of how to get involved and to impart a sense of urgency and necessity in the reader for getting involved. I chose to make it fairly short to add to its impact, and end the paragraph itself with a short sentence to leave the reader with something impactful that underscores the need to get involved in the political process.

Persuasive Essay - A Letter to Beijing

An Open Letter to the City of Beijing Regarding Air Pollution
Dear Municipality of Beijing,
                The news, web articles, and online images have all been showing the dense, cloudy, toxic smog that lingers in your streets, surrounds skyscrapers, and torments the blue sky into a sorrowful grey. It is a shame to see you, the cultural capital of the world’s second biggest economy degrade yourself to such a contaminated wasteland. Air pollution in Beijing has reached outrageous levels and it is time to put a stop to the self-destruction. Current policy and enforcement of environmental law is weak and it is downplayed by prioritizing profit over protection. Take control of the honor, dignity, and responsibility you owe to the people of Beijing and China.
Last year, the world was shocked as you declared a red alert in response to the smog-drenched wave of toxins that enveloped the city in what people have come to call an “airpocalypse”. That December of 2015 was the first time the alarm had been signaled to the highest level since its conception in 2013 (Wong). During the red alert, schools were canceled, cars were removed off the road, and certain factory work was paused. People were told to take all precautions necessary to avoid the small particles from the smog as PM2.5 readings exceeded hazardous levels. PM, or particulate matter, refers to particle pollution. Sources of these fine particles come from a range of pollutant sources such as automobiles, factories, and power plants. The PM 2.5 scale is a reading of quantity of small, fine particles 2.5 micrometers and smaller in diameter. A human hair is “30 times larger than the largest fine particle” (EPA). The sheer comparison to a human hair follicle is enough to understand that these particles pose serious health risks (see fig. 1). According to the EPA, particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter are extremely hazardous as they “can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream” (EPA). This leads to various health issues including asthma, strokes, lung cancer, and heart attacks and has contributed to more than 1.6 million deaths per year in China (Levin).
Text Box: Fig. 1 EPA Human Hair Comparison PM2.5 “EPA. "Particulate Matter (PM) Basics." Environmental Protection Agency, 12 Sept. 2016. Web. 09 Dec. 2016

Before 2012, PM2.5 pollutants were not included in environmental policies and were not considered per the standards of Beijing. Only after the third amendment to the Ambient Air Quality Standards was made by the Ministry of Environmental Protection was an official record started of these measurements (Hefeng et al.). Local emissions contribute to 64-72% of your bad air, 31.1% of which come from motor vehicles, and 22.4% of which come from coal combustion (Hefeng et al.). As of 2013, the total vehicle population of Beijing was 5.43 million (Hefeng et al.). In the past, air quality degradation was seen as due to coal burning, but with the growing number of vehicles on the road, the major source today is dominated by a mix of coal burning and vehicle emissions and should be the first place of attention (Hefeng et al.).
AQI Category
Index Values
Previous Breakpoints
(µg/m3, 24-hour average)
Revised Breakpoints
(µg/m3, 24-hour average)
Good
0 - 50
0.0 - 15.0
0.0 – 12.0
Moderate
51 - 100
>15.0 - 40
12.1 – 35.4
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
101 – 150
>40 – 65
35.5 – 55.4
Unhealthy
151 – 200
> 65 – 150
55.5 – 150.4
Very Unhealthy
201 – 300
> 150 – 250
150.5 – 250.4
Hazardous
301 – 400
> 250 – 350
250.5 – 350.4
Hazardous
401 – 500
> 350 – 500
350.5 – 500
This, however, was only short-termed and is only enacted under red alerts. Shortly after the Games ended, concentration readings of major pollutants increased. The beginning of 2008 through 2013 saw an increase in PM2.5 pollutants rising from just about 80 ug/m-3 to over 100 ug/m-3 in annual concentrations reaching unhealthy levels (Hefeng et al.). These measurements indicated unhealthy air quality as per the AQI category (see fig. 2).
Text Box: Fig. 2. The World Air Quality Index Project. "Revised PM2.5 AQI Breakpoints." Aqicn.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

What was your sudden motivation to manage so many emission cuts at once? Was it not in your interest to give the world a good impression during the international Olympic Games? The fact that grey skies returned after the Games shows the lack of responsibility in balancing economic over community priorities. It was unethical to avoid focus on the improvement of air quality until the moment a political or economic interest arose.  
The situation has not improved much today. Readings from this year may seem like an improvement, but in reality possess an illusion of clean air. As seen in figure 3, you have been reaching your goal of maintaining an annual average of PM2.5 below 60 ug/m-3. However, this does not mean that you have taken responsibility for the health of your citizens. The fact of the matter is an average is not representative of reality each day in Beijing. This year has experience numerous fluctuations in partical matter that reach hazardous levels over 250 ug/m-3 (see fig. 3). The average is a worthless value to depend on when pollution levels exceed hazardous limits and 49% of days over 7 years have been rated unhealthy under the AQI index (see fig.4).

Average  Values 60.0372
 
 




 ]
Text Box: Fig 4. Embassy of the U.S. Beijing Air Quality 2008-2015. Home | Beijing, China - Embassy of the United States. Embassy of the United States, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.Text Box: Fig. 3. U.S. Dept. of State 2016 Beijing PM2.5 Measurements. "U.S. Department of State Air Quality Monitoring Program." U.S. Department of State Air Quality Monitoring Program. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.

Despite the current environmental plans and legislation currently in place, this past year has seen many peaks into hazardous pollution and indicates that there is a need for a change in the enactment of environmental policy. Coal burning remains to be over 70% of China’s energy source and is one of the major contributors to Beijing’s particular matter along with vehicle emissions (Hefeng et al.). Beijing, in order to hold responsibility for the people, it is necessary to take swift action to renewable energy sources and reduce the dependence on coal significantly. Policies regarding removing vehicles from roads need to be assisted with promotion of public transportation and an enforcement of fees on drivers with vehicles not meeting emissions standards. It is imperative that the preservation of air is placed above profit and industrial interest for the good of the people of Beijing. Beijing, are you willing to sell your sky, your air, and you lungs for profit? 
Sincerely,
Prospective visitor













Works Cited
EPA. "Particulate Matter (PM) Basics." Environmental Protection Agency, 12 Sept. 2016. Web. 09 Dec.
2016
Hefeng, Shuxiao, et al. “Air Pollution and Control Action in Beijing.” Journal of Cleaner Production, Apr.
2015, pp.1519-1527.
Levin, Dan. "Study Links Polluted Air in China to 1.6 Million Deaths a Year." The New York Times. The
New York Times, 13 Aug. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.
Wong, Edward. "Beijing Issues Red Alert Over Air Pollution for the First Time." The New York Times. The
New York Times, 07 Dec. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2016.


 [l1]Characters: Beijing, Games,
Topic string logic: Beijing did X, X was so and so, So and so means: this (explains),
 [l2]Characters: China,Pollution
Topic string logic:
China issues Action Plan. Action Plan states X, X is bad. X is increasing in degree of “Bad”